How Can Smart People Still Believe in God?

27 October 2006

Today's show will be about the question whether it's still possible for smart, reflective people, fully cognizant with 21st century science, fully aware of the horrors of modernity, to believe in god.

Clearly the answer is -- drum roll, please -- yes. Many smart, reflective scientifically literate people obviously still do believe in god. Thankfully (or unthankfully, depending on your perspective) religious belief is not merely the province of anti-scientific, anti-modern fundamentalists who take every word, comma and period in some sacred text -- like the Bible or the Koran -- to be the sole and authoritative truth about just about everything.

So we thought it would make for interesting philosophical radio to find an intelligent, thoughtful, scientifically-minded true believer and probe in depth the basis of his belief. We did someting similar from the other side awihle back. Then we took an intelligent, scientifically-minded atheistWalter Sinnot-Armstrong, and probed the basis of his disbelief. You can think of this one as giving equal time to the theist. Our guest will be Philip Clayton, of the Claremont Graduate University. It should be fun -- a good way to spend a Sunday Morning.

Below the fold, I'll try to get the juices flowing by thinking aloud about three different possible bases for enduring religious belief in a scientific age, filled with moral horrors of all kinds.

As a philosopher, I tend to want my beliefs to be based on either direct experience or reasoned arguments. Even if some belief of mine is not in fact so based, I like to flatter myself that all my current beliefs are capable of being, as it were, ratified by either some reasoned argument or by the testimony of direct experience. And I'd like to think that if it were to be decisively settled that some belief of mine could not be so , I would more or less spontaneously surrender that belief, more or less without regret or remorse or wishful thinking of any kind. It seems to me one could and should have much the same attitude toward religious belief. One should want to believe in the existence of god only if one is confident that such belief is capable of being ratified by either reasoned argument or direct experience.

Now there are lots of what purport to be reasoned arguments for the existence of god. The argument from design, the ontological argument, arguments from fine-tuning, and on and on. But two things about those arguments strike me. I don't think any one of them is at all rationally compelling. At the very least, an atheist can, I think, argue the theist to a stand-still with counterarguments. If you start out neutral with respect to god and try to reason your way to his existence by appeal to any of the traditional philosophical arguments, you just aren't going to get all the way to positive belief, in my humble opinion. And that I think is the very best that can be said for traditional arguments for the existence of god.

The very worst that can be said for them is that they are all demonstrably invalid and incapable of compelling rational belief in the existence of god. And if the worst that can be said is true, then that seems to suggest that belief in god is a form of unreason.

But here's the thing. I don't think the real basis of most believers' belief even purports to be anything like reasoned argument. I mean I don't think I've ever met a single person who's been talked out of belief by the failure of any of the traditional philosophical arguments or who's been talked into belief by the success of those arguments. Does that mean that most believers are unreasoning? Well, some surely are. But I'm not prepared to say that most or all are.

What then is the basis of belief in rational, intelligent, reflective, scientifically literate thinking people in the modern age? Direct experience of god's presence in the world, perhaps?

A good friend of mine sometimes talks that way about god. He -- my friend -- is a very good person. He recently went to Guatamala, I think it was, to help his church build some houses for the desparately poor people who live in a rural village there. I recall hearing him say something to the effect that he had never felt the presence of god so clearly as on that trip. I think many believers have thoughts like this. They think they experience the concrete effects of god's presence in their own lives or operating through others. When I came closest to sincere belief in my own life, it was because my very devout then girlfriend was a luminously good person. Her religious conviction seemed to me to light up her soul. Certainly her belief was partly responsible for leading her to do many, many good and caring things. I had never met a person quite like her and I really wanted and tried to believe as she believed.

In the end, though, I found that although I admired her goodness and wanted to emulate it to the small extent that I could, I could not bring myself to believe as she believed -- no argument and no experience was sufficient to bring me to belief. Though she perhaps felt god's presence in the world and took herself to be responding to it with her goodness and caring, somehow she was unable to bring me to feel god's presence. Perhaps that's just the way it is. Some people feel it and others don't. And there's not much one can do to get another across the divide.

The problem with the direct perception of god's presence is that even those who profess to directly perceive or feel god's presence in the world, have to confess that god makes his presence felt pretty sporadically and selectively. If I had been a jew in Hitler's concentration camp, or an innocent, peaceful and devout Shia Muslim in Saddam's Iraq or any sort of peace loving believer in the current chaotic and deadly Iraq, I would long for greater signs of god's presence and for greater signs of his love and wisdom. I know that some religious traditions condemn such longings as prideful and arrogant. But even believers must admit that so often, in the darkest hour, in the hour of most need, the voice of god goes silent, his hand is stilled and his face disappears as if behind a dark veil.

Now some believers will admit that arguments run out, that experience is insufficient to dispel doubt. And yet, still they believer. But on what basis?

Some turn to pure faith, grounded in neither reason nor direct experience. But making a leap of ungrounded faith seems tantamount to jumping off a cliff, intending to reach a supposed other side that you have no grounds whatsoever for believing even exists. That, I think, is an act of pure desparation. Is religious belief really such?

At this point, some believers might choose to turn quasi-fictionalist. This seemed to be something like what Howie Wettstein in our show about the meaning of life was getting at. Wettstein posits god as a kind of "cosmic partner." He sees positing god as a way of endowing life with meaning. Doing so enables one to see one's own life as part of a great cosmic drama. Wettstein would prefer to live under the guise of living out a cosmic drama than to live under the guise of living an utterly meaningless life in a universe utterly devoid of meaning.

The problem with this approach, as I see it, is that if you take yourself to be positing god merely in order to endow one's life with meaning and you do so with no rational basis for really and truly believing that god exists, then you seem to be engaging in a kind of pretense. But I wonder whether mere pretense is really enough to endow our lives with meanings that they don't already have. If mere pretense is enough, why can't we just decide to see our lives as meaningful in the first place, and skip the positing of god in whom we don't really believe.

I don't pretend to have answers to all these questions. Plus it's about 7:30 and I have to be in the studio in an hour and half. So I better stop now. I think we'll have lots to talk about. Phil is a lively and thoughtful guy. So it should be fun.

See you soon.

 

Comments (64)


abhinav .s. rana's picture

abhinav .s. rana

Friday, October 19, 2018 -- 4:58 AM

well, im an atheist to be

well, im an atheist to be honest an i was thinking about finding a gud argument against my parents beliefs. But man ur making it so hard. ive visited quite a few sites till now and still im not able to accept god as real but i think ive got once fact clear its sometimes because of people's belief in god they come to do good things. still their are quite a no. of religions so r u saying that they all are talking about the same person? well in my country there are people who consider themselves as god themselves. my point is even if i accept god is real will i get some ...lets say some strength in the saddest or darkest moments of my life, would he get me out of trouble that i got into for helping another person.

jucalon's picture

jucalon

Thursday, March 12, 2020 -- 12:24 PM

" ...lets say some strength

" ...lets say some strength in the saddest or darkest moments of my life, would he get me out of trouble that i got into for helping another person" I would say yes, he or she would. The question I keep asking myself "is all that we feel, or perceive a fabrication of our brain? Is the love we feel for our loved ones, or the emotions we experience when we enjoy something just an illusion created by our brain? Are we all dreaming and then one day we'll wake up and realize it was that: a dream?"

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kdBiesenbach

Thursday, November 8, 2018 -- 1:43 AM

I recently used a relative

I recently used a relative way of concluding the probable existence of a god is directly related to the existence of our own intelligence or ability of self awareness. To have thought or the ability to do what we currently due simply by having an interaction of chemicals or electric signals either causing thought or the result of thought could be in relation to anything although the consciousness might be different depending on the interaction between other matter. Pretty much as humans and other animals there we have thought by these interactions with one another and since there is vastly more knowledge than we are currently able to undertand and of all the possibilities out in the universe who is to say on the macro level all this energy both seen and unseen interacting isnt able to form complex thought through the interaction. This also explains why ancient people worshipped earth then the planets. It directly correlates with our understanding of the universe and as we are able to further step outside the box we have limited our thinking (is there something beyond the universe). So, while i havent been able on deciding or coming to a plausible theory on what or who is able to differentiate between us or even if they truly are indifferent as we have an indifference towards an appendix.. Perhaps the only time it is aware is when the appendix is causing more harm than good... /cough /cough destroying something bigger than ourselves,.e.g. the earth.

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Reverend_Zakk

Tuesday, September 24, 2019 -- 1:55 PM

Why is this even an issue?

Why is this even an issue? With all the hate, crime, indifference, insecurities, etc...don't you think it's important to have something to believe in? What's so wrong with the "something" being a higher power such as God? I'm not trying to convert anyone or persuade people to change their opinions/beliefs (or nonbeliefs), all I am saying is think about all the places where God "used" to be but has since been removed. I have been doing research with a few colleagues of mine and although it's still in the "talking stages," we've all agreed that it's plausible to believe that there could be a dramatic rise in many areas such as hate, crime, etc...since God has been removed from so many places. So the question asks, how can smart people still believe in God? What does that even mean? If you're smart you shouldn't believe in God? Why? Could it be that scientists and many individuals just cannot fathom that a deity created everything. However, it is so much easier to believe in the Big Bang even though there are the missing Laws of Physics (hmmm, how does that work?). I don't want to get into that...my opinion is this if you are smart and believe in God that's fine and if you don't believe in God that's fine also because it's your choice.

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johnAllan

Wednesday, November 20, 2019 -- 11:10 PM

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Atticus_Aurelius's picture

Atticus_Aurelius

Tuesday, April 14, 2020 -- 12:26 AM

As much as I enjoyed the

As much as I enjoyed the overall contemplation, the core question weighed here is inherently immeasurable to any reasonable degree of agreement, as its nucleus is merely a subjecative label–smart–awash in pure supposition and dataless assumption, and is therefore weightless. No one, and everyone is smart, depending on who you ask. And if you asked me, I would tell you that your question is rather one of degrees—incalculable variables of degrees. To what degree of willingness and desire to believe in the supernatural are knowledge, logic and reason rendered unnecessary and/or irrelevant to one's absolute conviction of faith? To what degree is knowledge and logic available and comprehended in each life to begin with? To what degree is fear, emotional affirmation dependency or wilful ignorance a demonstrable common denominator among the dedicated religious faithful? To what degree of literal biblical interpretation is one's faithfulness determined? To what degree does geographical birthplace and cultural nurturing influence these variables? And on it goes immeasurably, into the immeasurable abyss. For what it's worth, in my own limited experience of 42 years, I can honestly state that I've never met a 'smart' person who believed in gods, demons and/or leprechauns, and I never will. To choose blind faith, is to choose blindness. All gods were made in man's image. Our imagination is a paradox of unlimited boundaries, and limited boundaries. Get smart.

Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Monday, January 31, 2022 -- 8:02 AM

The first page of comments

The first page of comments here mostly precedes my experience with and knowledge of Philosophy Talk. Even my reading of philosophy itself. That admitted, I will parrot some of what I have learned and some of what I've deduced from that. I remain in agreement with Davidson's assertions about propositional attitudes. According to his assessment, beliefs are an example of this sort of position. Belief in God seems to qualify, though I can't find any reference where Davidson said so. Perhaps more than this, I think those who believe do so because they want to believe. And, it follows that wanting or desiring something is also propositional. If one wants something badly enough, rationality, facts, logic and the rest become, well, irrelevant...or may as well be. I am further reminded of Pascal's Wager.
If you do not know it, look it up.

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Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Wednesday, February 2, 2022 -- 8:09 AM

My philosophy is this: 1.

My philosophy is this: 1. Smart people have hearts. And hope. 2. It is not my place, nor would I want it to be, to make any judgment regarding anyone's intelligence, faith, hope or lack thereof. 3. If someone claims belief in God, but in their heart and mind it is only Pascal's Wager, that is their business, not mine. 4. All sorts of people, intelligent or not so much, believe. This may be constituent with Davidson's propositional attitudes. Or anything else...it is still not my business. 5. There are some people who believe in faith healing. I believe in modern medicine. THAT is MY business.

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Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Friday, February 11, 2022 -- 2:03 PM

Congratulations to Guest on

Congratulations to Guest on your 4.2 from Harvard. So, here is the answer to the blog question about smart people: Why do smart people ask of smart people why they continue to believe in God? I have already answered that one for myself. Anyone else care to give it a try? Happy Valentine's day to all...

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Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Sunday, February 20, 2022 -- 1:51 PM

In one comment, I referenced

In one comment, I referenced Pascal's Wager. Most folks who read and love philosophy know what that position entailed: damned .if you do; damned if you don't, so , might as well believe, because you have nothing to lose, and, so the story goes, everlasting life---everything to gain. I have also called this hedging one's bets---vulgar, perhaps, but practical ( if not pragmatic) in another sense. Now, moons ago, I also pointed out that God, if God cares, might not look favorably on followers of Blaise Pascal. Should God grasp the notion of disingenuousness, which, theoretically, God does
( because, God knows ALL), God might be pretty peeved (keeping language family oriented). There are, howver, conflicting notions of how God thinks; how God acts. I need not talk about what you already know...need i? There have been copious comments on this post. There is probably no more divisive aspect of civilization than the God issue. And yet, most all people have a view. Or a belief. Took me years to find my way, much of that time considering what others advised or demanded. It all helped me think, and I am indebted. Notice, I have not genderized God. That, too, has created problems. Gender has nothing to do with the concept; everything to do with the characterization. God is a belief. The belief IN God, a ritualization, different for different people(s).

I could have written more here. Could argue other points. But, no. Others have argued enough...thanks.

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john7017's picture

john7017

Sunday, March 20, 2022 -- 9:38 AM

God's existence is provable

God's existence is provable like mathematics and is absolute.
if not he couldn't judge anyone in the Judgment Day. its not possible rationally.
my telegram id
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Harold G. Neuman's picture

Harold G. Neuman

Wednesday, February 23, 2022 -- 6:43 AM

Getting traction from Dwells'

Getting traction from Dwells' wisdom (October 28, 2021), and my remarks on Professor Perry's notion of levels-of-reality, truth & belief are virtually indistinguishable. Belief is conditional. Truth is not. Insofar as much current belief is conditional,and, after Searle, socially constructed, its' validity is contextual in the extreme. All one need do is 'believe hard enough'. This is what underpins the contextual reality we live-and-breathe.

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Theman31's picture

Theman31

Friday, March 18, 2022 -- 3:21 PM

I will explain why me as an

I will explain why me as an atheist do not thing the kalam proves anything and why i find beliefs in god to be problematic.

For starter's the beginning to time would imply the beginning to existence because you can not have time exist before time.
This is a logical contradiction and if a god existed before this universe you would have a time before time.

Also actual biologist have debunked the argument from design not to mention the human body has many flaws that show it was not intelligently designed.

Plus most atheist do not end up in jail but i know alot of religious people who do end up in jail.

These crimes include drug use pedophilia and violence so religious beliefs do not equal a god person.
This is not to say all religious people are bad but it does show a problem for religion preventing crime.

Atheist prision population are 00.1 percent or something to that effect while religious people make up the majority.

This religious majority includes catholic , and other Christian denomination's , Muslims Hindus Buddhists and so on.

About the argument from design we know watches are made because they do not happen naturally.
The same applies to airplanes computers and so on.

Human's on the other hand happen naturally from what we can tell and seems to be chemicals minerals and other elements that accure in nature.

I am not saying everything is figured out but scientist all ready know plenty of ways life could of happened without a god.

In regards to the universe the full truth may be unknowable but still not be a god.
We do not know therefore god is a god of the gaps fallacy.

We do not know equals we do not know.
Now to clarify most atheist do not use the philosophy definition to atheism.

I like most atheist are an agnostic atheist as in i do not believe in a god but do not know.

Human thought and ideas on their own can and do often lead to the wrong conclusion and manythings in the past were thought to be caused by god or demon's.

These thing's that were once thought to be caused by gods or demon's have now been shown to be natural and this may be the case with everything.

In regards to the universe we know causality applies to thing's inside it but not the universe itself or thing's that may be outside of it.

Assuming an outside to this universe even exist at all.

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john7017's picture

john7017

Sunday, March 20, 2022 -- 9:32 AM

"I like most atheist are an

"I like most atheist are an agnostic atheist as in i do not believe in a god but do not know."
thats not wise buddy.
God's existence is provable so easy.
my telegram id
@johncooper123

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